A typical camera views 30 to 50° of retinal area, with a magnification of 2.5x, and allows some modification of this relationship through zoom or auxiliary lenses from 15°, which provides 5x magnification, to 140° with a wide angle lens, which minifies the image by half. A fundus camera provides an upright, magnified view of the fundus. The optical design of fundus cameras is based on the principle of monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Several countries began large-scale teleophthalmology programs using digital fundus photography around 2008.įundus camera A fundus camera A close-up of the controls of a Topcon retinal camera Optical principles This development was a huge feat in the world of Ophthalmology. įollowing the development of fundus photography, David Alvis, and Harold Novotny, performed the first fluorescein angiography (FFA) in 1959, using the Zeiss fundus camera with electronic flash. These improvements have helped make modern fundus photography a standard ophthalmic practice for documenting retinal disease. Since then, the features of fundus cameras have improved drastically to include non- mydriatic imaging, electronic illumination control, automated eye alignment, and high-resolution digital image capture. Dimmer's fundus camera, developed about 1904, was a complicated and sophisticated research tool and it was not until 1926 that Stockholm's Johan Nordenson and the Zeiss Camera Company were able to market a commercial device for use by practitioners, which was the first modern Fundus camera. Hundreds of specialists worked to overcome the problem, which was finally achieved in the early 20th century by Friedrich Dimmer, who published his photographs in 1921. Įfforts to clearly photograph the fundus have been ongoing for 75 years. Based on the written accounts, Howe and Starr's image was more "recognizable” as a fundus. Howe described their results as the first "recognizable” fundus photograph, apparently a nod to Jackman & Webster being the first to "publish” a fundus photograph. Lucien Howe, a well-known name in Ophthalmology, and his assistant, Elmer Starr, collaborated on the fundus photography project in 1886–88. According to some historical accounts, Elmer Starr and Lucien Howe may have been first to photograph the human retina. Three other names played a prominent role in early fundus photography. Webster, since they published their technique, along with a reproduction of a fundus image, in two photography periodicals in 1886. Most accounts credit William Thomas Jackman and J.D. There has been some controversy regarding the first-ever successful human fundus photo. It would be several decades before these problems could be rectified. Early fundus photos were limited by insufficient light, long exposures, eye movement, and prominent corneal reflexes that reduced the clarity detail. In the early 1860s, Henry Noyes and Abner Mulholland Rosebrugh both assembled fundus cameras and tried fundus photography on animals. In 1851, Hermann von Helmholtz introduced the Ophthalmoscope, and James Clerk Maxwell presented a colour photography method in 1861. The concept of fundus photography was first introduced in the mid 19th century, after the introduction of photography in 1839. Since the equipment is sophisticated and challenging to manufacture to clinical standards, only a few manufacturers/brands are available in the market: Welch Allyn, Digisight, Volk, Topcon, Zeiss, Canon, Nidek, Kowa, CSO, CenterVue, Ezer and Optos are some example of fundus camera manufacturers. The models and technology of fundus photography have advanced and evolved rapidly over the last century. Fundus photography can be performed with colored filters, or with specialized dyes including fluorescein and indocyanine green. The main structures that can be visualized on a fundus photo are the central and peripheral retina, optic disc and macula. Specialized fundus cameras consisting of an intricate microscope attached to a flash enabled camera are used in fundus photography. Fundus photography involves photographing the rear of an eye, also known as the fundus.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |